How to calculate the outer diameter of the optical fiber cable? This requires special equipment to measure it. The outer diameter of the optical fiber cable depends on the diameter of the outer sheath of the optical cable. Generally, it can be measured with a caliper or a line ruler.
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Optical fiber is a kind of electromagnetic wave. The basic structure of optical fiber is divided into three types: 62.5/125, 50/125, 9/125, of which 62.5, 50, and 9 refer to the core diameter of the optical fiber, which is the diameter of the main light-transmitting part, and 125 refers to the core diameter of the optical fiber. is the cladding diameter of a conventional fiber.
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Simply put, the outer diameter of the optical fiber cable generally has a certain specification, and there is no need to calculate it. ZR Fiber can provide a variety of fiber optic cable products with different specifications: 4-core fiber optic cable, 6-core fiber optic cable, 8-core fiber optic cable, 12-core fiber optic cable, 18-core fiber optic cable, 24-core fiber optic cable, 32-core fiber optic cable, 36-core fiber optic cable, 48-core fiber optic cable, 72-core fiber optic cable Core optical cable, etc., welcome to consult and order.

How to calculate the outer diameter of the optical fiber cable? This requires special equipment to measure it. The outer diameter of the optical fiber cable depends on the diameter of the outer sheath of the optical cable. Generally, it can be measured with a caliper or a line ruler.

fiber optic connection technology

10G40G100G single-mode single-core fiber module application

How to calculate the outer diameter of fiber optic cable?

This paper introduces the causes and treatment methods of large attenuation points of optical cable lines, line maintenance and testing methods, and standardized operation procedures for construction and connection of optical cable lines. It also briefly introduces the composition and structure of the optical cable, the naming method and the standard chromatographic arrangement of the optical fiber. very powerful!

Maintenance and Construction of Optical Cable Lines

1. Manufacture of optical cable:
The manufacturing process of optical cable is generally divided into the following processes:
1) Screening of optical fibers: select optical fibers with excellent transmission characteristics and qualified tension.
2) Dyeing of optical fibers: use standard full chromatogram to identify, requiring high temperature not fading and not migrating.
3) Secondary extrusion: Use plastic with high elastic modulus and low linear expansion coefficient to extrude into a certain size tube, incorporate the optical fiber and fill it with moisture-proof and waterproof gel, and store it for a few days (not less than two days) .
4) Optical fiber cable twisting: twist several extruded optical fibers and strengthening units together.
5) Squeeze the outer sheath of the optical cable: add a layer of sheath to the twisted optical cable.
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2. Types of optical cables:
1) According to the laying method, there are: self-supporting overhead optical cable, pipeline optical cable, armored buried optical cable and submarine optical cable.
2) According to the optical cable structure, it is divided into: bundled optical cable, layered optical cable, tightly hugged optical cable, ribbon optical cable, non-metallic optical cable and branchable optical cable.
3) According to the use, it is divided into: optical cable for long-distance communication, short-distance outdoor optical cable, hybrid optical cable and optical cable for building.
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3. Construction of optical cable:
Over the years, the construction of optical cables has enabled us to have a set of mature methods and experience.
Outdoor construction of optical cable:
The most important thing for long-distance cable laying is to choose a suitable path. The shortest path is not necessarily the best, but also pay attention to the right to use the land, the possibility of erection or burial, etc.
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There must be very complete design and construction drawings for convenient and reliable construction and future inspections. During construction, be careful not to put the optical cable under heavy pressure or be punctured by hard objects.
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When the optical cable turns, its turning radius is 20 times larger than the diameter of the optical cable itself.
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1) Construction of outdoor aerial optical cable:
A. The overhead method of hanging wire brackets is simple and cheap, and is the most widely used in my country, but it is time-consuming to add hooks and arrange them.
B. Hanging wire winding overhead method, this method is more stable and less maintenance work. But a special wrapping machine is required.
C. The self-supporting overhead method has high requirements on the trunk line, difficult construction and maintenance, and high cost. It is rarely used in China at present.
D. When overhead, a guiding device must be installed at the place where the optical cable leads to the trunk, and the optical cable should not be dragged to the ground. Pay attention to reducing friction when pulling the optical cable. A length of fiber optic cable should be left on each trunk for expansion and contraction.
E. Pay attention to the reliable grounding of metal objects in the optical cable. Especially in mountainous areas, high-voltage power grid areas and many areas, there are generally 3 grounding points per kilometer, and even non-metallic optical cables are used.
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2) Construction of outdoor pipeline optical cable:
A. Before construction, the occupancy of the pipeline should be checked, the plastic sub-pipes should be cleaned and placed, and the traction line should be placed at the same time.
B. Calculate the deployment length, and there must be enough reserved length.
C. The length of one laying should not be too long (generally 2KM). When wiring, it should be pulled from the middle to both sides.
D. The traction force of the cable is generally not more than 120kg, and the reinforcing core part of the optical cable should be pulled, and the waterproof and strengthening treatment of the head of the optical cable should be done.
E. The lead-in and lead-out of the optical cable must be equipped with a follow-up device, and the floor cannot be directly mopped.
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F. The pipeline optical cable should also pay attention to reliable grounding.
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3) The laying of directly buried optical cables:
A. The depth of direct buried optical cable trench should be excavated according to the standard. The standard is shown in the following table:
B. Where trenches cannot be dug, the pipelines can be laid overhead or drilled.
C. The bottom of the ditch should be flat and firm, and a part of sand, cement or support can be pre-filled if necessary
D. Manual or mechanical traction can be used when laying, but attention should be paid to guidance and lubrication.
E. After the laying is completed, the soil should be covered and compacted as soon as possible.
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4) Laying of optical cables in buildings:
A. When laying vertically, special attention should be paid to the load-bearing problem of the optical cable. Generally, the optical cable should be fixed once every two layers.
B. When the optical cable passes through the wall or floor, a protective plastic pipe with a mouth guard should be added, and the pipe should be filled with flame retardant filler.
C. A certain amount of plastic pipes can also be laid in advance in the building, and when the optical cable is to be laid in the future, the optical cable can be laid by traction or vacuum method.
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4. Selection of optical cable:
The selection of optical cables is not only based on the number of optical fibers and the type of optical fibers, but also the outer sheath of the optical cable according to the use environment of the optical cable.
1) When the outdoor optical cable is directly buried, the armored optical cable should be selected. When overhead, an optical cable with a black plastic outer sheath with two or more reinforcing ribs can be used.
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2) When selecting optical cables used in buildings, attention should be paid to their flame retardant, poisonous and smoke characteristics. Generally, the flame-retardant but smoke-bearing type (Plenum) can be used in the pipeline or forced ventilation, and the flame-retardant, non-toxic and smoke-free type (Riser) should be used in the exposed environment.
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3) When cabling vertically in the building, you can choose Distribution Cables; when laying horizontally, you can choose Breakout Cables.
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4)If the transmission distance is less than 2km, you can choose multi-mode optical cable. If it exceeds 2km, you can use repeater or choose single-mode optical cable.
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1. Manufacture of optical cable:  The manufacturing process of optical cable is generally divided into the following processes:  1) Screening of optical fibers: select optical fibers with excellent transmission characteristics and qualified tension.  2) Dyeing of optical fibers: use standard full chromatogram to identify, requiring high temperature not fading and not migrating.  3) Secondary extrusion: Use plastic with high elastic modulus and low linear expansion coefficient to extrude into a certain size tube, incorporate the optical fiber and fill it with moisture-proof and waterproof gel, and store it for a few days (not less than two days) .  4) Optical fiber cable twisting: twist several extruded optical fibers and strengthening units together.  5) Squeeze the outer sheath of the optical cable: add a layer of sheath to the twisted optical cable.

Manufacture and selection method of optical cable

The continuous updating of several optical communication technologies has driven the large-scale development of fiber-to-the-home, thereby promoting the continuous expansion of the market scale of fiber-optic quick connectors. In the process of fiber-optic wiring, there are generally two types of fiber-optic connection methods. One is It is optical fiber thermal fusion, and one is to use a quick connector for splicing. So, what is the difference between fiber optic quick connectors and cold splices?
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1. The meaning of fiber optic quick connectors and cold connectors
1. Optical fiber quick connector
Optical fiber active connectors, commonly known as live joints, generally called optical fiber connectors, are reusable passive devices used to connect two optical fibers or optical cables to form a continuous optical path. They have been widely used in optical fiber transmission lines and optical fiber distribution frames. It is the most widely used optical passive device among optical fiber test instruments and meters.
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2. Cold connector
It is used for optical fiber butt optical fiber or optical fiber docking pigtail, which is equivalent to making a joint, (fiber docking pigtail refers to the butt joint between the optical fiber and the core of the pigtail, not the pigtail head mentioned by the former), which is used for this kind of cold splicing. Something called a fiber optic cold splicer.
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Fiber Quick Connector
2. What is the difference between fiber optic quick connectors and cold connectors?
The optical fiber cold connector has the same structural principle as the pre-buried optical fiber connector. It is a sub-product of the optical fiber quick connector. Because its shape is similar to the quick connector, many people are stupid and unclear about the two.
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The difference between the cold connector and the fiber optic quick connector is that it has no movable plug. It is used to directly and fixedly connect the optical link node when the optical fiber is connected to the optical fiber or the optical fiber and the pigtail. The joint loss is about 0.1dB&mdash;&mdash; 0.2dB. It is mainly used for indoor wiring or wiring in a small space, and the installation is more convenient and flexible.
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3. How to install and use optical fiber quick connectors
Step 1: Remove the connector end cap and pass the cable through it;
Step 2: Use optical fiber strippers to strip the cable sheath, the length is about 5CM;
Step 3: Cut the exposed coating layer with the Miller clamp close to the edge of the clamp to expose the fiber;
Step 4: Wipe and clean the bare fiber with a dust-proof cloth;
Step 5: Cleave the fiber with a fixture;
Step 6: Align the optical fiber with the main body slot and insert it. When the optical fiber is initially bent, press the crimping cover down;
Step 7: Screw the end cap on the cable back to the main body of the connector and then fasten the shell.
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The installation of the optical fiber quick connector is very simple, but it should be noted that the optical fiber quick connector is extremely susceptible to contamination and damage, which will lead to the loss of optical fiber performance. During the installation process, it should be kept away from dust and contaminants, and the action should be slow when inserting.
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Fourth, what is the method of optical fiber cold splicing
First, use diagonal pliers to cut the steel wire inside the cable by about 20CM, and use the optical cable stripper to open the leather cable to expose the optical fiber, pay attention to the length. Put it in the guide groove, pull the guide groove back by 3.5CM, and use the Miller wire to peel off the plastic on the surface of the fiber, and the exposed fiber is bare fiber. Put the stripped bare fiber tape guide groove like a cutter, and push it from the inside (on one side of your body) to the outside. Put on the cold terminal and press the yellow part forward.
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The above is the whole content of the difference between the optical fiber quick connector and the cold splicer that we have brought to you. I believe that you have already answered this question here. Make the glass stick to your hands.
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The continuous updating of several optical communication technologies has driven the large-scale development of fiber-to-the-home, thereby promoting the continuous expansion of the market scale of fiber-optic quick connectors. In the process of fiber-optic wiring, there are generally two types of fiber-optic connection methods. One is It is optical fiber thermal fusion, and one is to use a quick connector for splicing. So, what is the difference between fiber optic quick connectors and cold splices?

The difference between optical fiber quick connector and cold connector

Main types and technical requirements
Metal wedge fittings
Metal wedge fittings consist of a metal housing, a metal wedge slider and a pull cord. Since the figure 8 cable (F8) is mainly used as a load-bearing suspension wire, it can be clamped with a metal wedge fitting. Its technical requirements are mainly:
(1) The tensile strength is not less than 6kN;
(2) The outer diameter of the steel strand for F8 optical cable is 3-7 mm;
(3) Anti-ozone and ultraviolet.
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In the early 1990s, F8 fiber optic cable began to be used, but it was not as widely used as in other countries. One of the big reasons is that there is no proper setting. Due to the unique design structure, F8 optical cable can save the cost of a building, but it is difficult to promote F8 optical cable due to the limitation of gold fitting technology. If a metal wedge fitting is used, the installation efficiency of the F8 cable will be very high, making the cable more economical and practical.
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Non-Metallic Wedge Fittings
ADSS are traditionally used to come with pre-twist fittings, but in practice short span, low force ADSS can also use non-metallic wedge fittings. Non-metallic wedge fittings offer the same high structural efficiency and low cost advantages as F8 cable fittings. Non-metallic wedge fittings consist of a non-metallic housing, a non-metallic wedge-shaped core slider and a pull cord.
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FTTH Outdoor Aerial Optical Cable Accessories
The main features of FTTH optical cable are that the number of cores is small, the outer diameter and weight of the optical cable are small, the place of use and the environment are changeable, and the distance from the nearest tower to the residents is not far. These features make the FTTH cable a self-contained one. To save cost and simplify the structure, FTTH cables are usually designed as thin round or flat self-supporting structures.
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There are many solutions for the construction of FTTH cables
Small wedge fixtures, S-fasteners, eccentric clips and anchors are common FTTH outdoor aerial cable accessories.
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small wedge clip
The small wedge clamp is shown in Figure 11. Using the wedge principle, the FTTH cable is placed in a tapered housing and clamped to the tapered housing by a tapered wedge to secure the FTTH cable in a small wedge clamp.
Type S Fastener It hangs the fiber optic cable from the wall hook or pole hoop by tying the wire hanging wire of the FTTH fiber optic cable. The principle of the S-shaped fixture is to fix the optical cable by the frictional force of the S-shaped direction of the optical tube and the central cylinder of the pendant.
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Eccentric Wheel Clamp
The principle of the eccentric grip is similar to the small wedge grip design. It locks the fiber optic cable by the rotation of the eccentric wheel, which is more convenient than the S-type fixing. However, the disadvantage is that the contact surface of the eccentric wheel and the fiber optic cable is too small, close to the line contact, and it is easy to break the fiber.
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anchor
Anchors are used in a similar fashion to S-fasteners. In actual use, there are single-layer steel wire anchors and four-layer steel wire anchors according to the number of FTTH optical cables.
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other
During the installation process, the FTTH cable accessories are also equipped with a large number of small items, such as C-shaped hooks, reasonable coils, steel band hoops, etc. These small objects can also be collectively referred to as accessories. However, any metal fittings are used to ensure the stability of the fiber performance and the longevity of the fiber.
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in conclusion
Although aerial optical cable accessories may seem ordinary, they are responsible for the safe operation of the aerial optical cable. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly sum up experience, strengthen scientific research, and improve the rationality of the structure of accessories. At the same time, we will continue to adopt new technologies to improve product quality. Aerial fiber optic cable accessories are used for overhead fiber optic cables. Only the design principle and performance of the accessories match the performance of the fiber optic cable. Accessories can secure fiber optic cables to poles and towers while protecting the fibers.
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Main types and technical requirements  Metal wedge fittings  Metal wedge fittings consist of a metal housing, a metal wedge slider and a pull cord. Since the figure 8 cable (F8) is mainly used as a load-bearing suspension wire, it can be clamped with a metal wedge fitting. Its technical requirements are mainly:

What are the main features of FTTH cable

Self-supporting non-electric overhead fiber optic cable accessories wedge wedge accessories
Self-supporting feeder-free aerial optical cables, commonly referred to as optical cables used by major telecom operators. Non-power overhead optical cable accessories are not unavailable in the electrical field, but are different from power overhead optical cable accessories in terms of cost and electromagnetic field sensing.
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Self-supporting non-electric overhead optical cable mainly utilizes the tensile strength of the optical cable itself to withstand the cable weight, wind load and ice load. From the material, there are metallic structure and non-metallic structure. The representative products are figure 8 optical cable (F8) and ADSS. The ADSS mentioned here includes not only aramid reinforced all-dielectric cables, but also fiber optic cables designed with non-metallic reinforcing elements such as glass fibers and other high-strength fibers, braids, and fiber tubes.
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According to telecom design specifications, the distance between line towers is 50m-70m, with a maximum distance of 120m. The tower is not too high, and the straight non-crossing pole is generally 8 meters, which is based on the consideration of line safety design requirements and total cost. Therefore, the tensile strength of telecommunication aerial optical cables is not as great as that of power aerial optical cables. Usually, a pulling force of 5kN is sufficient. Of course, this depends mainly on factors such as cable structure, weight, tower spacing, design sag and climatic conditions.
<img src="https://www.ductcable.com/picture/ossImg/zrcable/d8e4a8c62f7da0abe9c9753ab4a68bc5.jpg/defaultStyle" alt="fiber optic cable" width="900" height="900" />
F8 cable and short span, small force ADSS can be fixed with wedge fittings.
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Design principles and application features
The design principle of the wedge fitting comes from the wedge. Wedges used in life work by converting downward forces to the level of an object, while wedge-shaped complexes are designed to convert forward forces into lateral forces of an object. Under the premise of a fixed shape, this force appears as a force squeezed into the middle. From a shape perspective, it's like inserting an isosceles trapezoid into another hollow that resembles an isosceles trapezoid.
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Wedge fittings and wedge sliders are available in metallic and non-metallic versions depending on the cable material. Although wedge-shaped fittings do not have such strict requirements on the diameter of the optical cable, in order to ensure a better use effect, there is still an optimal use range, otherwise the tensile value cannot be maximized.
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If the outer diameter of the fiber optic cable does not match the applicable range of the fitting design, the wedge-shaped core slider will expose most of the exterior of the housing, and the stressed portion is only the wedge-shaped part of the core slider contacting the housing. Another advantage of wedge fittings is that they are easy to exit. The wedge slides can be released when force is applied in the opposite direction. If the sag does not fit the span, it can be adjusted and used repeatedly. Compared with pre-twisted fittings, the application characteristics of wedge fittings are:
(1) It is easy to install and disassemble, and can be reused many times;
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(2) The construction efficiency is extremely high;
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(3) The adaptability of the outer diameter of the optical cable is strong:
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(4) The stress distribution on the optical cable is uniform and will not damage the optical cable.
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However, the disadvantage of wedge fittings is that the allowable force value cannot be too high, that is, the span between the pylons should not be too large, usually 200 meters or less is suitable.
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Self-supporting non-electric overhead fiber optic cable accessories wedge wedge accessories  Self-supporting feeder-free aerial optical cables, commonly referred to as optical cables used by major telecom operators. Non-power overhead optical cable accessories are not unavailable in the electrical field, but are different from power overhead optical cable accessories in terms of cost and electromagnetic field sensing.

ADSS includes not only aramid reinforced all-dielectric fiber optic cables

Aerial optical cables used in power systems are mainly three-dimensional self-supporting optical cables (ADSS), optical composite overhead ground wires (OPGW) and optical composite composite phases (OPPC). The reason why the power cable and the communication cable are separated is that the power cable is unique and independent, especially the use environment has a strong inductive power supply, which is difficult to carry out construction and maintenance. While more and more telecom operators are using power towers to build ADSS, they still need to comply with structural codes for power cables.
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Self-supporting power overhead optical cable fittings - what are the characteristics of pre-twisted gold
1.1 Design principles and application characteristics
Self-supporting power overhead cables (ADSS and later OPGW and OPPC) use pre-twisted fittings. Pre-twisted fittings are a branch of overhead communication line fittings that consist of multiple single-strand helical aluminum-clad steel wires or pre-grouped galvanized steel wires.
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Its design principle is similar to that of a spring, which is characterized by the helical groove being straightened when the pulling force is stretched, and the inner cavity shrinking when squeezed against each other, thereby increasing the clamping force (friction force) of the overhead cable. In the range of elastic deformation, the spring is stretched by force and the spring pitch is elongated. When the volume is constant, the outer diameter decreases.
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When the holding force is greater than the pulling force, the spring extends along with the elongation of the object to be clamped, and the whole does not produce relative sliding, so as to achieve a balance between the two forces and tighten the object. During the long-term tension of the spring, the wire does not creep or plastically deform over time because it is still within the elastic deformation range. When the pre-twisted wire is wound on the optical cable, a tubular cavity is formed, and the inner diameter of the cavity is slightly smaller than the outer diameter of the optical cable.
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At the same time, the inner wall of the cavity is covered with a layer of adhesive silicon carbide, which is used to increase the friction between the pre-stranded wire and the surface of the cable. When the cable is stressed, the pre-twisted wire "clamps" the cable tightly. When the force of the optical cable increases continuously, the inner thread of the pre-twisted wire is further combined with the surface of the optical cable, and the tighter the pre-twisted wire is, the smaller the optical holding force of the cable is.
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The power sector first accepted pre-twisted fittings when using ADSS, showing very clear advantages, so later OPGW and OPPC were also expanded. The main application features of pre-twisted fittings are:
(1) The tensile pre-twisted clip has strong tensile strength, and its design strength is generally not less than 95% of the cable to calculate the breaking force:
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(2) The stress distribution of the optical cable clamp is uniform and will not damage the optical cable:
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(3) The installation is simple, the construction is convenient, the construction time is greatly shortened, and the installation can be completed by itself without the need for special tools for the tower:
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(4) The material is generally made of aluminum-clad steel wire or galvanized steel wire, which has good corrosion resistance.
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Main types and technical requirements
Stretching Accessories
In the design of pre-twisted fittings, the design of sheet metal fixtures dominates. Tensile metal sheets are mainly used for the installation of cables in tensile towers, corner towers and terminal towers, and bear all the pulling forces of the cables. The technical requirements of sheet metal accessories are mainly:
(1) The effective length of the pre-stranded wire should not be less than 5 pitches;
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(2) When the cable reaches the specified maximum working tension (40% RTS), the accessories should not cause any damage to the cable, and should not affect the transmission of optical signals:
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(3) The failure load of the clip shall not be less than 95% of the rated breaking force of the cable.
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Drape Accessories
Suspension accessories are mainly used for the suspension and support of optical cables on linear towers. It bears the dead weight of the cable (ice and snow) and disperses the radial compressive stress to protect the cable from abnormal cable bending radius and stress concentration.
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Aerial optical cables used in power systems are mainly three-dimensional self-supporting optical cables (ADSS), optical composite overhead ground wires (OPGW) and optical composite composite phases (OPPC). The reason why the power cable and the communication cable are separated is that the power cable is unique and independent, especially the use environment has a strong inductive power supply, which is difficult to carry out construction and maintenance. While more and more telecom operators are using power towers to build ADSS, they still need to comply with structural codes for power cables.

Self-supporting power overhead optical cable fittings

The transmission loss characteristics of optical fibers are the first of the most critical factors in determining the optical data transmission distance, transmission reliability and reliability. There are various reasons for the loss of optical fiber transmission of laser cutting machine. In the basic construction and maintenance of optical fiber communication Internet, the most important concern is the reason of transmission loss caused by optical fiber application and how to reduce this loss.
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The transmission loss caused in the application of optical fiber mainly includes continuous loss (the loss of optical fiber, fusion loss and thematic activity connector loss) and discontinuous loss (bending loss and loss caused by other engineering construction elements and application scenarios). .
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Optical fiber continuation loss and solutions
1.1 Continued wear and tear
The continuous loss of the optical fiber includes: the loss caused by the intrinsic factor of the optical fiber, the fusion loss caused by the extrinsic factor, and the loss of the theme active connector.
(1) The main reason for the loss of optical fiber is that the diameter of the optical fiber mode field is different; the core diameter of the optical fiber is mismatched; the cross section of the fiber core is not round; The field diameters are not the same.
(2) The fusion loss of non-intrinsic elements of fusion loss is mainly caused by radial displacement; pivot (folding angle) skew; inner hole is separated (void); fiber inner hole is not detailed; refractive index difference; fiber inner hole is not cleaned and It is caused by other factors such as the continuation of the actual operation level of the staff, the operation process, the welding machine-level cleaning level, the basic parameters of welding, and the cleaning level of the office environment.
(3) The main components of the active connector wear and tear of the non-intrinsic elements are mainly caused by the poor quality, looseness, and non-cleaning of the active RF connector and some of the same elements as the welding loss (such as radial displacement, internal Pore ​​voids, chamfers, refractive index differences, etc.).
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1.2 Plans for dealing with continual wear and tear
(1) High-quality optical fibers with the same characteristics should be used in architectural engineering design, engineering construction and maintenance work. On this route, high-quality and well-known brand bare fibers with the same batch number should be used as much as possible, and the characteristics of optical fibers should be matched as much as possible, so that The effect of mode field diameter on fiber splice loss is minimized.
(2) The construction of optical cable projects should be carried out in strict accordance with technical specifications and regulations
When arranging disks, ensure that the entire disk is equipped as much as possible (single disk &ge; 500 meters), so as to avoid the total number of connectors as much as possible. When laying, it is strictly issued according to the serial number and terminal order of the cable reel, so that the loss value exceeds the minimum.
(3) Select extension staff who have rich experience and are not chaotic in the face of danger to carry out extension and testing
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The level of extension workers immediately affects the size of the extension loss. Extension workers should strictly implement the fiber splicing production process to carry out extension, strictly control the loss of the connector, and use the Optical Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) to carry out detection (continuation loss) during the whole process of fusion. &le;0.08dB/piece), those that do not meet the requirements should be welded again. When applying optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR), it is necessary to accurately measure the loss of the connector from two directions, and calculate the average value of the two results to eliminate the human error bias of the accurate measurement of unilateral OTDR.
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(4) Ensure that the continuation of the natural environment meets the regulations
It is forbidden to actually operate outdoors in a dusty and wet and cold natural environment. The connection position of the optical cable, small tools and raw materials should be clean, and the optical fiber connector should not be allowed to return to moisture. The optical fiber prepared for laser cutting in advance must be cleaned, and there should be no waste. After laser cutting, the optical fiber should not be exposed to the gas for too long, especially in the dusty, humid and cold natural environment. When the continuous working temperature is too low, the necessary temperature raising countermeasures should be adopted.
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(5) Preparation of a sound optical fiber inner hole
The production of the inner hole of the optical fiber is a more important technological process for the continuation of the optical fiber. Whether the soundness of the inner hole of the optical fiber is the first key reason for determining the continuous loss of the optical fiber. The high-quality inner hole should be leveled, free of burrs, no damage, and vertical to the centerline. The inclination angle of the centerline of the fiber inner hole should be less than 0.3 degrees, showing a mirror glass that is smooth and level, and clean to prevent Dust environment pollution. A high-quality cleaver should be obtained and properly used to laser cut fibers. The cleaning, laser cutting and melting strategy of bare fibers should be inseparably connected, and the spacing should not be too long. When moving the fiber, handle it with care to avoid damage to the inner hole of the fiber due to rubbing with other objects.
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(6) Proper application of fusion splicer
Proper application of the fusion splicer is a key guarantee and an important link to reduce the continuous loss of optical fibers.
①The operation guide and operation steps of the fusion splicer should be strictly implemented, and the fusion splicer should be properly operated.
②Effectively place the optical fiber. When placing the optical fiber in the V-groove of the fusion splicer, the posture should be light. This is because for a single-mode fiber with a core diameter of 10 nm, if the fusion splicing loss is to be lower than 0.1 dB, the axial deviation of the fiber centerline must be lower than 0.8 nm. ③According to the type of optical fiber, the main parameters of welding (pre-charge and discharge current, time, main charge and discharge current, main charge and discharge time, etc.) should be properly and effectively set.
④ Dust in the fusion splicer should be removed immediately after use (especially the soot and fiber debris from the fixture, mirror glass and v-shaped groove body).
⑤ The service life of the welding electromechanical stage is usually about 2000 times. After a long application time, the electric stage will be oxidized by the air, resulting in a slightly larger charge and discharge current and an increase in the welding loss value. At this time, you can remove the electric stage, gently scrub with ethanol-dipped medical equipment absorbent cotton, and then put it on the fusion splicer, and charge and discharge it for many times. If the charge and discharge current is still slightly larger after several cleanings, the battery must be replaced again.
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(7) Use high-quality and qualified flexible RF connectors as much as possible to ensure that the performance parameters of the RF connectors meet the relevant requirements. The insertion loss of the flexible connector should be controlled below 0.3dB/piece (or even lower), and the additional loss should not exceed 0.2dB/pc
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(8) The theme activity connector should be connected to the light wire with good quality, and the coupling should be inseparable to avoid light transmission.
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(9) Make sure that the RF connector of the theme activity is cleaned up
During construction and maintenance, attention should be paid to cleaning up the power plug and power adapter (flange) and ensure the cleaning of the main engine room and the natural environment of machinery and equipment. Resolutely prevent the power plug and power adapter (flange) from having waste and dust. Avoid optical scattering losses.
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The transmission loss characteristics of optical fibers are the first of the most critical factors in determining the optical data transmission distance, transmission reliability and reliability. There are various reasons for the loss of optical fiber transmission of laser cutting machine. In the basic construction and maintenance of optical fiber communication Internet, the most important concern is the reason of transmission loss caused by optical fiber application and how to reduce this loss.

Optical fiber continuation loss and solutions

Discontinuous wear and tear and solutions
The key to discontinuous loss in optical fiber applications is bending loss and loss caused by other engineering construction elements and application scenarios.
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(1) Loss of radiation source caused by bending When the optical fiber is subjected to a large bending, and the core diameter between the two bending half diameters is comparable, its transmission characteristics will vary greatly. Many transmission modes are converted into radiation source modes, which are not transmitted again, but enter the insulating layer and are digested and absorbed by the coating layer or insulating layer, thereby causing additional loss of the fiber. There are two types of bending losses in optical fibers: macrobending losses and microbending losses.
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① Macro-bending loss The radius of curvature of the optical fiber is much larger than the diameter of the optical fiber. The additional loss caused by bending (macro-bending), the key reasons are: router bending and bending during laying; various pre-embedding of optical fibers Bending (pre-embedded ring, various bending, natural bending); coiling of optical fibers in products, surrounding of pigtails in host rooms and machinery and equipment, etc.
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②Micro-bending loss The optical fiber shaft causes additional losses caused by &mu;m-level bending (micro-bending). The key reasons are: when the optical fiber is cabling, the slight arc on the surface of the support plate causes the uneven ground stress of each part. Occasional micro-bending ;
<img src="https://www.ductcable.com/picture/ossImg/zrcable/ca97c865fbed6b3ff7cdba4e5b6be4e3.jpg/defaultStyle" alt="ftth cable" width="900" height="900" />
Microbending caused by unevenness of the split page between the fiber core and the insulating layer; microbending caused by asymmetrical support force of each part when the optical cable is laid; microbending caused by asymmetrical lateral pressure on the optical fiber; Microbending caused by thermal expansion and contraction.
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Fiber Repair
(2) Loss caused by other engineering construction elements and application scenarios
①The loss caused by the release of non-standard optical cables. Layer-twisted looper flange structure optical cable is very easy to cause this kind of loss, the reason depends on, the first is that multiple loose waterproof casings are twisted with each other at the release point of the optical cable; the second is to use cable ties to bundle the loose waterproof casing to the product When the optical fiber reel interface is connected, the loose waterproof casing will turn sharply; the third is that the metal material lifting prefabricated member and the optical fiber loose waterproof casing will shift up and down, left and right when the optical cable is released. This element will lead to increased wear and tear.
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②The wear and tear caused by the thermal melting maintenance with poor thermal shrinkage. The key reasons are: the first is the product quality problem of the hot-melt cable sleeve itself, which is distorted after hot-melting, causing bubbles; the second is that when the electric heater of the welding machine is heated, the basic heating parameters are not good, resulting in hot-melting The cable casing is deformed or causes bubbles; the third is that the heat shrinkable tube is untidy, dusty or gritty, which will damage the continuation point during heat melting, resulting in increased wear and tear.
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③ Loss caused by non-standard engineering construction of direct buried optical cable. The reason depends on, the first is that the optical cable is not buried deep enough, and is damaged after being rolled by the load block; the second is that the optical cable router is not properly selected, and the optical cable is subjected to external forces that exceed its allowable load range due to changes in the natural environment and landforms; third The bottom of the optical cable trench is uneven, the optical cable is in the state of supplying and offline, and there is internal stress after backfilling the soil; fourth, the outer sheath of the optical cable is damaged and leaks due to other reasons, resulting in hydrogen loss.
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④The loss caused by the non-standard engineering construction of the empty optical cable. The key reasons are as follows: first, at the construction site of optical cable laying, the optical cable is looped, bent, distorted and buckled on the back. When the traction belt is pulled violently, a surge occurs, and the driving force is too large in an instant; the second is the hanging of the optical cable. The hook is wrongly operated, the orientation of the hook is not the same, there is a meandering bend, the spacing is too scarce, and the optical cable is supported due to the excessive vertical crossing; third, the optical cable stored on the rod is not fixed and firm, and the optical cable is subjected to long-term external force and short-term effects. The fourth is that the fortification of the optical cable is too tight, and the natural elongation rate of the optical cable is not considered; the fifth is that the outer sheath of the optical cable is damaged and leaks due to other reasons, resulting in hydrogen loss.
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&nbsp;⑤The loss caused by non-standard engineering construction of pipeline optical cable. The reason depends on the first, when the optical cable is fortified by the net sleeve method, the speed control of the traction belt is not very good, and the optical cable is buckled and surged. ; The third is that the outer sheath of the optical cable is damaged and leaks due to other reasons, resulting in hydrogen loss.
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⑥ The pigtails and optical fiber jumpers in the host room and equipment are bundled and surrounded by non-standard, cross-coiled and other conditions, resulting in loss.
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⑦The quality of the optical cable joint box is not good, the product packaging and installation are not standard, the product is damaged due to external effects, etc., resulting in water leakage and hydrogen loss.
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⑧Drawing deformation of the optical cable in the whole process of construction, high pressure for clamping the optical cable in the splice box, too tight pressure on the hot-melt tube in the fiber accommodating tray, and loss caused by the non-standard surrounding of the optical fiber in the optical fiber accommodating tray.
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Plans for dealing with discontinuous wear and tear
(1) The design concept and construction site of the engineering project should be surveyed, and the best router and route laying method should be selected.
(2) It is particularly important to establish and select a high-quality construction worker to ensure the quality of the project construction. Carelessness at the construction site will often lead to the expansion of optical fiber loss.
(3) In the design concept, engineering construction, and maintenance, effective and effective "four defenses" countermeasures (lightning protection, electricity protection, corrosion protection, and mechanical equipment damage prevention) should be actively adopted to improve safety protection work.
(4) Use the support frame to support the cable reel to distribute the optical cable. It is not necessary to lay the cable reel flat and use a similar method to distribute the optical cable from the spool, and it is not necessary to subject the optical cable to torque. When the optical cable is issued, it should be commanded together to improve the connection, and a scientific and standardized leash method should be used. The fortification rate should not be too fast; the length of continuous fortification should not be too long. If necessary, the inverted "8" should be used and issued from the center to both sides. Care must be taken in areas where the cable will be damaged, such as on bends, and the necessary maintenance practices must be used. When it is necessary to temporarily lay out the optical cable, such as the distribution of optical cable in the bustling area, the figure 8 should be used to prevent the optical cable from being subjected to torque.
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(5) When issuing the optical cable, be sure to pay attention to the allowable rated tensile force and the limit of bending half warp. At the construction site of the optical cable laying, it is forbidden to make small circles, bending and distorting the optical cable, so as to avoid back buckles and surge conditions. The driving force does not exceed 80% of the allowable optical cable, and the maximum driving force does not exceed 100% in an instant. The driving force should be added to the lifting piece of the optical cable, and care should be taken not to jerk and kink. When the optical cable is bent, the bending semi-diameter should not be less than 15 to 20 times the diameter of the optical cable.
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(6) It is not necessary to use fake and inferior ones, especially for heat shrinkable sleeves that have already been bent and deformed. Such waterproof sleeves will cause internal stress during heat shrinkage, which will be released on the optical fiber to increase the loss. When bringing and storing the waterproof casing, pay attention to cleaning it, and do not let the dirt enter the waterproof casing.
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(7) When continuing the actual operation, the length of the stripping should be decided according to the specifications of the storage tray, and the stripping length should be as long as possible, so that the optical fiber can be coiled in the closing market (the length of coiling is 60-100cm). High attention should be paid to the storage of the optical fiber after fusion (the fiber is coiled and fixed). When coiling the fiber, the larger the semi-longitude of the coil, the larger the inclination, and the smaller the loss of the entire route. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain the necessary semi-longitude. (R &ge; 40mm), to prevent excess loss, the main point of the connection of large-core fiber optic cables is storage. When continuing the actual operation, it is necessary to master the depth 1 of the cable opening knife to select the optical cable, and it is not necessary to squeeze the loose waterproof casing to support the optical fiber. Select qualified connector raw materials and properly package and install products in accordance with standards and actual operating regulations.
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(8) The main room is as clean and tidy as possible. The pigtail should be maintained with a looped tape, or a separate line should be applied to the pigtail to avoid the middle of the pigtail or the intersection with other connecting lines. Fibers (even for temporary applications) are placed in areas where the feet can reach. When installing the optical cable terminal, pay attention to prevent the leakage line from being inclined in the wiring. It is very important not to use plastic tape to tie the leakage line into a bevel, otherwise the optical fiber will be damaged due to the long-term influence of ground stress. The leakage line should follow the curve diagram when turning, and the bending semi-longitude should not be less than 40mm. When releasing, make sure that the leakage line is not supported or stressed, so as to prevent the long-term ground stress fatigue of the leakage line. The pigtails do not have to be tied too tightly when the optical fiber ends in actual operation (ODF).
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(9)The usual maintenance and technical overhaul of the optical cable route is in progress. Fiber to the home (FTTH) is an inevitable trend in the information age, and optical Internet interconnection is the future of the digital earth. With many basic constructions and operations of various optical fiber communication Internets, recognizing and dealing with the transmission loss problems caused by optical fiber applications will ultimately greatly improve and enhance optical fiber communication data transmission in the design, construction, and maintenance of optical fiber communication buildings. characteristic.
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Discontinuous wear and tear and solutions  The key to discontinuous loss in optical fiber applications is bending loss and loss caused by other engineering construction elements and application scenarios.

Discontinuous Losses Caused in Optical Fiber Applications and Solutions

This article mainly introduces the matters needing attention in FTTH optical cable laying and related equipment installation requirements.
1. Optical cable routing
Routing retest should be carried out before laying optical cables. The routing and laying method shall be based on the construction drawing design. Necessary routing changes can be proposed by supervisors and construction personnel, and confirmed with the consent of the construction unit; for large routing changes over 500m, the design unit should go to the site to negotiate with the supervisor and the construction unit, and the construction unit approves and fills in the "Engineering Design Change Form".&nbsp;
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Second, the laying of optical cables
2.1 The laying type, direction and route of the optical cable should comply with the design documents, and should not cross with the power cable.
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2.2 The optical cable should be laid in a straight line, without obvious twists and crosses; the optical cable in the channel must be firmly bound, the appearance is straight and neat, the tightness is moderate, and the binding spacing should be uniform and should not be greater than 1.5m;
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2.3 The optical cables in the frame should be laid in a straight line, the outlet position should be accurate, the reserved arc length should be consistent, and appropriate binding should be made.
<img src="https://www.ductcable.com/picture/ossImg/zrcable/32a3fa368ab891f00c6f938ba534d0bb.jpg/defaultStyle" alt="ftth cable" width="900" height="900" />
2.4 Each fiber optic cable should have a unified mark on the inlet hole and both ends of the ODF. The mark should indicate the connection position of the two ends of the fiber optic cable and meet the requirements of resource management for the fiber optic cable marking. Label writing should be clear, correct and correct. Labels should be printed plastic for easy maintenance.
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2.5 The optical cable laying process must meet the requirements of YD5137-2005 "Code for Design of Local Communication Line Engineering" and YD5121-2010 "Code for Acceptance of Communication Line Engineering".
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2.6 The overlapping and reserved length of the distribution plate, laying and installation of the optical cable shall conform to the reserved length of the optical cable at the joint, and the reserved length is generally 5~10m.
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2.7 Laying wall optical cables should meet the following requirements: the height from the ground should not be less than 3m, and steel strands should be used to hang across neighborhoods, courtyard passages, etc.
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2.8 When laying the hanging wire wall optical cable, the hanging wire type used for the hanging wire wall optical cable should meet the design requirements. The distance between the wall supports should be 8-10m, and the distance between the terminal fixture and the first intermediate support should not be greater than 5m.
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2.9 When laying the nail-fixed wall optical cable, the cable must be fixed with wire clips on the outer wall; the nailing screws must be on the same side of the optical cable, and the spacing is uniform and 400mm is appropriate.
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2.10 When laying pipeline optical cables, the holes for laying pipeline optical cables should meet the design requirements; the optical cables after laying should have no twist, no cross, no obvious scratches and damage; no bending treatment is allowed within 150mm of the cable outlet hole; The overlapped length reserved for laying the side optical cables should meet the design requirements. After the connection is completed, the excess length of the optical cables should be placed in the manhole and fixed neatly; the pipe optical cable should be reserved for the middle manhole according to the access needs, and the length is 8m-10m; An optical cable identification mark shall be installed on the optical cable in each manhole.
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ZR Cable laying
3. Line protection
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1. The newly added cable must be protected by a special warning sleeve.
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2. When the hanging overhead suspension wire crosses the power line, it should generally pass under the power line, and the overhead suspension wire crossing the power line should be covered with a power protection tube. The distance between the suspension wire and the power line shall meet the requirements of the design and acceptance specifications.
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3. Fire protection measures should be taken when the optical cable inevitably crosses adjacent buildings and facilities with fire hazards.
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Fourth, the installation of optical cable junction box and distribution equipment
(1) Installation of optical cable junction box
1. The installation position and fixed type of optical cables, pigtails, jumpers and adapters in the optical delivery box should meet the design requirements and conform to the product description of the optical delivery box.
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2. The assembly parts of the light delivery box should be complete, the connector row should be undamaged, the terminals should be firm, the braided ends should be fixed in the box, and the number-checking test and insulation test should be carried out, and the paint surface should be intact.
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3. The optical cable entry boxes should be neatly arranged, and the bends should meet the requirements of the radius of curvature. The lacquer (print) of the number of the delivery box, the cable number, and the fiber (line) sequence should meet the design requirements.
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4. The jumpers (fibers) in the transfer box should be arranged reasonably and neatly, without joints and without affecting the opening of the module bracket.
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5. The installation of the wall optical cable junction box should be solid and firm, and the height of the bottom of the junction box from the ground should not be less than 150mm.
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6. The installation position, installation height, moisture-proof measures, etc. of the floor-standing optical cable junction box should meet the design requirements. The installation of the box must be firm, safe and reliable, and the vertical deviation of the box should be no more than 3mm.
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7. The ground wire of the handover equipment must be set separately, and the grounding resistance of the ground wire should meet the specification requirements (the grounding resistance of the ground wire of the handover box should not be greater than 10&Omega;).
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(2) Installation of branch equipment
1. The installation method, location and model of the branching equipment should meet the design requirements.
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2. When the junction box is installed on the outdoor wall, the lower end of the box should be 2.8m~3.2m away from the ground, and the installation of the indoor junction box should meet the design requirements.
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3. After the branching equipment is installed, its serial number should be written on the surface of the branching equipment, and the font should be correct and uniform in size.
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4. The installation of the wall-mounted junction box should be firm, reasonable and moisture-proof.
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5. The cables entering and leaving the box should be clearly marked;
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5. Construction of leather cable
(1) Requirements for laying optical fiber cables inside buildings
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1. Before laying, you must thoroughly understand the structure of the building and the routing of the wiring. Accurately grasp the cabling position;
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2. Determine the location and layout of the existing cables, and use the original routing as much as possible.
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3. The reserved length of both ends of the leather cable should be uniform, not less than 0.5m, not more than 2m and meet the process requirements.
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4. When laying the fiber optic cable, the turns should be minimized. When it is unavoidable, the turning point should be even and smooth, and the radius of curvature should meet: ① The bending radius of the fiber optic cable should not be less than 40mm during the laying process; ② The back skin should be fixed. The bending radius of the cable should not be less than 15mm;
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5. The two ends of the leather cable should have a unified mark, and the mark should indicate the connection position of the two ends. Label writing should be clear, correct and correct.
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6. The indoor wiring of the leather cable should be installed in the dark pipe, ceiling and wall as far as possible.
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7. The leather cable should strictly meet the requirements of "fireproof, anti-rat and anti-extrusion".
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(2) Laying of the leather cable in the cable groove
1. When installing wire ducts or PVC pipes, first calculate the number of leather-wire optical cables to be laid in the wire ducts or PVC pipes. If it exceeds 60%, the utilization rate of the pipe diameter of the elbow should not exceed 50%.
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2. When using PVC pipe for wall laying, select the appropriate part of the wall to determine the routing direction of the cable, and keep the cable horizontal and vertical after the nailing is completed; when nailing, the distance should be evenly 50cm.
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3. The bending radius of the leather cable should not be less than 40mm in the duct or the trough. When laying the duct or the trough, the two ends of the pipeline should be slightly inclined downward to prevent the long-term accumulation of water in the tube and the performance of the optical cable.
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(3) How to enter the home of the leather cable in various scenarios
4. The leather cable adopts the method of opening the wall to enter the home: choose a suitable entry location, and use a &Phi;8mm electric hammer to make a hole through the wall on the user wall. The opening standard is from the user's indoor to the user's outdoor. The opening direction is inclined downward at an angle of 30 degrees to prevent rainwater from pouring into the user's room.
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5. If the optical fiber cable enters the home through the wall hole or air conditioning hole: it is necessary to install wall bushings on the inside and outside of the wall hole or air conditioning hole. The leather cable is put into the household through the wall casing. The entrance optical cable must leave a "drip bend" at the entrance of the wall.
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6. After the sheathed optical cable is finished, it is necessary to fill and seal the gap of the hole with plugging and filling glue. Blocking should be flat and firm.
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7. The wall corrugated pipe protects the optical cable from entering the house, and the wall hole of the outer wall is appropriately opened. After the corrugated pipe is embedded in the wall hole, it is filled and sealed with sealing and filling glue. The opening of the bellows shall not be exposed outside the wall hole.
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6. Connection and encapsulation of optical cable
1. The optical cable program, fiber sequence, end type, reserved length of the optical cable at both ends, binding and fixing, and the installation position of the splice box should meet the design requirements.
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2. The content of optical cable connection should include: optical fiber connection; installation of copper wire, metal sheath and reinforcing core; measurement of joint attenuation.
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3. The average attenuation of optical fiber is not more than 0.08dB/piece when splicing, and the average attenuation is not more than 0.5dB/piece during cold splicing.
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4.The splicing method of the optical fiber is determined according to the type of optical cable used. The conventional optical cable adopts the thermal fusion splicing method. When using the household optical cable, the user end should use fusion splicing or mechanical splicing.
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This article mainly introduces the matters needing attention in FTTH optical cable laying and related equipment installation requirements.  1. Optical cable routing  Routing retest should be carried out before laying optical cables. The routing and laying method shall be based on the construction drawing design. Necessary routing changes can be proposed by supervisors and construction personnel, and confirmed with the consent of the construction unit; for large routing changes over 500m, the design unit should go to the site to negotiate with the supervisor and the construction unit, and the construction unit approves and fills in the "Engineering Design Change Form". 

FTTH engineering construction specifications and requirements

As we all know, the quality of the transmission medium in the integrated wiring is very important to the whole project. Among them, not only the service life of the integrated wiring project, but also the guarantee of its quality and performance. People are often keen to use optical fiber as a long-distance transmission medium because optical fiber has the advantages of strong anti-electromagnetic interference, reduced signal attenuation, large capacity, light weight, small size, and long transmission distance.
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Although it is said that optical fiber is widely used for long-distance transmission in integrated wiring, not many people have a deep understanding of its purchase. Today, we will explain to you how to choose high-quality optical fiber products from the aspects of the structure, material and process of optical fiber.
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ZR Cable fiber optic cable
Skill 1. Select the fiber optic cable according to the material
The material used in the optical cable and the production process The selection of the optical cable material is the key to the service life of the optical cable. The manufacturing process is an important link that affects the quality of optical cables. Products with stable processes and good quality are basically not included in the additional loss of optical fibers in the entire process of optical cable production. &le; 0.01dB/km is the basic data to measure the manufacturing process level of the manufacturer's optical cable.
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The main materials of optical cable are: fiber core, optical fiber ointment, sheath material, PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), which all have different quality requirements, and the fiber core requires a large power charging capacity. Higher signal-to-noise ratio, lower bit error rate, longer amplifier spacing, higher information carrying capacity; optical fiber ointment refers to the ointment filled in the optical fiber bundle, its function is to prevent moisture in the air Erosion of the optical fiber, the second is to act as a cushion for the optical fiber, and the buffered optical fiber is affected by vibration or shock.
<img src="https://www.ductcable.com/picture/ossImg/zrcable/fbea4f60459aabbbe1bf74d8cf7b3e3c.jpg/defaultStyle" alt="om5 sc lc" width="900" height="900" />
Skill 2. Select the fiber optic cable according to the number of cores
According to the number of cores, the structure of different types of optical cables can be divided into central bundle type, layered type, skeleton type and ribbon type. Generally, the central bundled tube type is used for the cores below 12. The central bundled tube type has a simple process and low cost, and is competitive in the overhead laying or branch and trunk line networks with good pipeline protection;
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The layer-stranded optical cable is reinforced by the centrally placed steel strand or a single steel wire, and the SZ continuation cable is used, and the number of fibers into the cable can reach 144 cores. Its biggest advantage is waterproof, strong pull resistance, strong side pressure. Can be used for direct burial. At the same time, it is easy to split, that is, when part of the optical fiber of the optical cable needs to be used separately, it is not necessary to disconnect the entire optical fiber cable, but only the optical fiber to be branched can be disconnected, which is very important for the data communication network.
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It is advantageous to add optical nodes along the cable television network; the number of cores of the ribbon optical cable can reach thousands of cores. It arranges 4 to 12 core optical fibers in a row to form a ribbon optical fiber unit, and then multiple ribbon units are arranged according to a certain amount. The method is arranged into cables. Our network-level optical cables generally use two types: bundled and continuous.
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Skill 3. Select the optical fiber according to the application
According to different uses, the corresponding optical cable can be divided into overhead optical cable, direct buried optical cable, pipeline optical cable, submarine optical cable and metal-free optical cable. Aerial optical cable requires high strength and small temperature difference coefficient;
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Direct buried optical cables require good burial resistance, compression resistance, moisture resistance, humidity resistance, and chemical resistance; pipeline optical cables and submarine optical cables must be resistant to water pressure, tension, and waterproof properties;
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Metal-free optical cables can be erected together with high-voltage lines, and the insulation is better. Although there is no iron reinforced core, they must also have a certain tensile capacity. Therefore, when purchasing an optical cable, users should choose according to the purpose of the optical cable, and put forward requirements to the manufacturer to ensure that the optical cable is stable and reliable.
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To sum up, the purchase of optical fiber cables is far more complicated than coaxial cables. It cannot be simply measured by the price of several cores, but should be integrated according to the structure of the optical cable, the selection of raw materials, the production process and technical indicators. Consider, we shouldn't just choose products that are too cheap. Because I want to consider many aspects, not only its service life, but also the standard of the entire engineering performance.
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As we all know, the quality of the transmission medium in the integrated wiring is very important to the whole project. Among them, not only the service life of the integrated wiring project, but also the guarantee of its quality and performance. People are often keen to use optical fiber as a long-distance transmission medium because optical fiber has the advantages of strong anti-electromagnetic interference, reduced signal attenuation, large capacity, light weight, small size, and long transmission distance.

How to choose high-quality fiber optic cable products

Now video surveillance is more and more important for us, safety is the first, so we should know more about this knowledge, especially for friends who do optical communication engineering wiring. For video surveillance projects, there may be many problems in the process of using the monitoring system, and we often feel at a loss when faced with these problems.
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In fact, we need to accumulate and solve these problems. There are certain rules among them. Many monitoring problems are related to the monitoring and use of cables. Let's take a detailed look at this knowledge.
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For coaxial cables shielded by aluminum foil, when processing the aluminum foil, if the aluminum foil is not firmly adhered, all the exposed aluminum foil should be peeled off. If the aluminum foil is attached to the insulator and stands firmly, please confirm that the conductor at the cut end of the insulator and the debris of the aluminum foil need to be cleaned to avoid short circuit.
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For BCP-C3B or comparable BNC's stepless (straight) tailpipes, the orientation of the tailpipe during installation is irrelevant. For BCP-C5FA or other tailpipes with a bevel (cao line) at one end, the tailpipe is also non-directional when installed. However, for the stepped tailpipe, such as the tailpipe of the BCP-C1, it is directional.
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Cable connection strength refers to the maximum load that the cable can bear when it is pulled out of the connector under tensile stress.
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Different connectors have different insertion loss values. For plugs, the insertion loss is about 0.1dB per connector (DC-2GHz).
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ZR Cable video surveillance cable
Video signal transmission generally adopts direct modulation technology, in the form of baseband frequency (about 8MHz bandwidth), and the most commonly used transmission medium is coaxial cable. Generally, a dedicated SYV75 ohm series coaxial cable is used, and the commonly used model is SYV75-5 (its non-relay transmission distance for video signals is generally 300-500m); when the distance is long, SYV75-7, SYV75-9 or even Coaxial cable of SYV75-12 (in actual engineering, the transmission distance of thick cable without repeater can reach more than 1km).
<img src="https://www.ductcable.com/picture/ossImg/zrcable/f736692f09c3ffec71df1bece17da33b.jpg/defaultStyle" alt="ftth cable" width="900" height="900" />
Video surveillance cable The distance from the camera to the surveillance host is &le; 100 meters, and a 75-3/64P video cable is used. The distance from the camera to the monitoring host is less than or equal to 200 meters, using a 75-3/96P video cable. The distance from the camera to the monitoring host is less than or equal to 300 meters, using a 75-5/96P video cable. The distance from the camera to the monitoring host is less than or equal to 500 meters, using a 75-5/128P video cable. The distance from the camera to the monitoring host is less than or equal to 800 meters, and a 75-5-1/128P monitoring video cable is used.
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PTZ control cable The distance between the PTZ and the controller is less than or equal to 100 meters, and the cable is sheathed with RVV6&times;0.5. The distance between the gimbal and the controller is more than 100 meters, and the RVV6&times;0.75 sheathed cable is used.
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The lens control wire adopts RVV4&times;0.5 sheath wire.
The distance from the camera to the monitoring host of the decoder communication line is &le; 200 meters, and the distance from the camera to the monitoring host is &le; 500 meters, and the RVVP2 &times; 0.75 shielded line should be used.
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If the distance between the video surveillance camera and the host is more than 40 meters, it is necessary to consider using 220V centralized power supply, and transform the voltage to 12V at the camera end to supply power to the camera. In general, 220V power supply, as long as the system is not too large, less than 8 channels, If the distance is less than 200 meters, you can choose RVV2*0.5 wire. If there are more than 8 channels, all of which are high-power infrared cameras, you should consider using RVV2*0.75 power cord for power supply.
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The above are the specifications and models of video surveillance cables and solutions to common problems. I hope we can gradually accumulate knowledge in optical communication, which is very useful for our life and work. ZR Cable focuses on optical communication products. Production and sales, fiber optic cables and other products are widely respected by friends in engineering projects.
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Now video surveillance is more and more important for us, safety is the first, so we should know more about this knowledge, especially for friends who do optical communication engineering wiring. For video surveillance projects, there may be many problems in the process of using the monitoring system, and we often feel at a loss when faced with these problems.

Video Surveillance Cable Specifications and Common Problem Solving

How much do we know about deploying fiber optic cables in conjunction with MTP/MPO connectors in the data center? 12-fiber ribbon cable is a common type of fiber optic cable used in data centers. Both ends of the fiber optic cable can be easily terminated with MTP/MPO connectors or simplex/duplex connectors. The MTP/MPO connector is a multi-core connector that can accommodate 12, 24 or even more optical fibers, and has the advantages of high density, high precision, and compact structure (smaller than SC connectors).
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Data center deployment of fiber optic cables
At present, MTP/MPO connectors on the market are usually pre-terminated products, that is, MTP/MPO connectors are often pre-terminated at one or both ends of the ribbon fiber. Pre-terminated MTP/MPO ribbon cable has the characteristics of high performance, low insertion loss and high wiring density, and is widely favored by data center managers. The use of pre-terminated MTP/MPO ribbon cable in data centers not only has high transmission rate, The stability is strong, and the wiring system is greatly simplified.
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In general, data centers generally use pre-terminated MTP/MPO ribbon fiber products and ribbon cables for wiring, and MTP/MPO branch fiber jumpers are pre-terminated MTP/MPO connectors at one end of the cable and terminated at the other end. Simplex/Duplex Connector (LC/SC), this fiber optic cable is suitable for cabling between 10G network equipment and 40/100G equipment.
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MTP/MPO branch fiber patch cord
Cabling using MTP/MPO trunk fiber patch cords and MTP/MPO breakout modules
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Both ends of the MTP/MPO trunk fiber jumper are pre-terminated with MTP/MPO connectors, which are often used in the trunk wiring of data centers. The front panel of the MTP/MPO adapter module box provides multiple simplex/duplex LC/SC interfaces, and the rear panel provides 1-2 MTP/MPO interfaces. The MTP/MPO to LC/SC branch fiber jumper is pre-installed in the box , mainly used for the transfer between MTP/MPO trunk fiber jumpers and LC/SC fiber jumpers. MTP/MPO trunk fiber patch cords are often used together with MTP/MPO transfer module boxes to achieve interconnection and cross-connection between network devices.
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We know that due to the increasing demand for bandwidth, the number of cables for network equipment in the data center is increasing, and the wiring space in the data center is very limited, which will undoubtedly cause greater pressure on the cooling system , and cause a lot of inconvenience to work such as cable removal. The use of ribbon optical cables can effectively solve these problems. According to statistics, compared with ordinary optical cables, the deployment of ribbon optical cables in data centers can save 45% of the wiring space.
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MTP/MPO connector
High speed and high density are the trends of data center development in the future. Ribbon fiber optic cables can meet these two requirements at the same time and play an important role in data centers. Finite is a leading supplier of MTP/MPO connection components. ZR Cable produces and sells a variety of MTP/MPO connection components, including MTP/MPO connectors, adapters, fiber optic terminal boxes, junction boxes, adapter boards and fiber optic distribution frames, etc. The quality is up to standard and the quality is guaranteed, and the cost-effective value is worth it trust.
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How much do we know about deploying fiber optic cables in conjunction with MTP/MPO connectors in the data center? 12-fiber ribbon cable is a common type of fiber optic cable used in data centers. Both ends of the fiber optic cable can be easily terminated with MTP/MPO connectors or simplex/duplex connectors. The MTP/MPO connector is a multi-core connector that can accommodate 12, 24 or even more optical fibers, and has the advantages of high density, high precision, and compact structure (smaller than SC connectors).

Data Center Deployment of Optical Cables and MTP/MPO

Fiber Patch Cord Concept
Fiber patch cords are used to make patch cords from equipment to fiber optic cabling links. There is a thicker protective layer, which is generally used for the connection between the optical transceiver and the terminal box.
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For the integrated wiring, the telecommunication room and the equipment room are the gathering places of the three types of services of data, voice and image, and its importance is self-evident. But they have made great efforts in their overall design, equipment shaping, hardware configuration, construction and maintenance and other aspects.
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However, the construction party often ignores the maintenance and installation guarantees of the largest number of equipment in the telecommunication room and equipment room-cables and optical fiber jumpers, and ignoring this problem will bring a lot of trouble to our computer room management. Therefore, Finite believes that it is necessary to properly manage the jumper.
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Generally speaking, reasonable jumper management can be divided into 5 stages: planning, preparation, wiring, testing, and verification.
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Integrated wiring fiber jumper
1. Jumper operation specification
1.1 Plan
Foresight is established, not foreshadowing is abandoned, and everything needs to be planned in advance. For jumper management, the current and future demand planning should be done.
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(1.1.1) Change Requests. Various administrative activities, moves, additions or changes (MACs) begin with a change request. The change request must contain all necessary information to initiate the planning process.
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(1.1.2) Search records. After receiving the request form, the records should be searched to determine the circuit path used.
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(1.1.3) Correct routing. Before determining the correct patch cord length, first find the best route between the ports to be connected. Typically the shortest route through horizontal and vertical cable conduits and must not obstruct or obstruct other jumpers or connectors in the patch panel. When choosing jumper wires, excessive slack should be avoided to ensure a clean appearance. If the jumper is too tight, it will increase the pulling force on the connector, and if the jumper is too loose, it will bring trouble to the management of the jumper and increase the difficulty of the management of the patch panel.
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1.2 Preparation
After making the jumper management plan, you should follow the plan made in advance, and then you should do the jumper management preparations. Prepare as much as possible and study management records before implementing management operations. Determine where ports need to be connected and reconnected and the label information for the associated ports.
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(1.2.1) Check the type of jumper that needs to be jumped first, and then check the quality of the jumper. In order to ensure that the quality of the jumper is correct, it is necessary to check whether the jumper is damaged. In order to check whether it is damaged, of course, it can be checked from the appearance of the jumper. If there are conditions, it can be checked with a professional instrument.
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(1.2.2) Next, check the condition of the connection parts to avoid physical damage to the connection parts.
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(1.2.3) Finally, it is necessary to clean the jumper connectors and connection parts.
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There are contact and non-contact methods for cleaning fiber optic connectors:
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Contact cleaning method:
(1) Wiping paper and anhydrous alcohol, using virgin wood pulp with special processing technology, ultra-low dust, pure texture, efficient water absorption, fine paper, will not scratch the surface of the quilt, use low-dust wiping paper with no Wipe the fiber optic connector with water alcohol;
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(2) Non-woven fabric, no lint, strong, without any chemical impurities, silky soft, will not cause allergic reactions, and not easy to fluff and shed, it is produced or tested as optical fiber connectors or pins It is an ideal choice for cleaning the optical fiber connector during use.
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(3) Cleaning cotton swabs, specially designed for cleaning the inside of the ceramic sleeve, or for cleaning the end face of the ferrule that is not easy to reach in the flange (or adapter);
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(4) Professional cleaners, special cleaners for fiber optic connectors use special rolls of wiping tapes, which are housed in a rollable casing, without alcohol, and each cleaning is very effective and produces a new surface, which is convenient and practical.
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Contactless method:
(1) Ultrasonic cleaning method, which turns the cleaning liquid into an ultrasonic "liquid column" and sends it to the end face of the connector, and recovers and sucks the waste liquid in the same small space;
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(2) High-pressure air blowing method, its principle is to apply cleaning liquid on the end face of the connector, and then blow it with high-pressure air at the end face of the connector;
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(1.2.4) Check the cleanliness of optical fiber connectors
After cleaning the fiber optic connector, the termination face must be inspected. The general practice is to use a magnifying glass of 100, 200 or 400 times for inspection. The following figure shows the state of the fiber end connector in a clean state and after being contaminated.
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Jumper management personnel, no matter what method is used, it is still difficult to clean some seriously polluted connectors, and it is necessary to use cotton swabs and alcohol and other cleaning solutions to deal with them.
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After this series of preparatory work, it means that the wiring work of jumper management can be started.
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1.3 Wiring
The installation of the patch panel should be completed according to the operating procedures. Kinks, burrs, pinching, and poor contact during patch cord construction can significantly degrade patch cord performance. To avoid such problems, the following factors should be important to consider:
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(1) Bending radius
The minimum allowable bend radius of the jumper is subject to the jumper manufacturer's operating specifications.
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The standard specifies that the minimum bend radius for unshielded twisted pair (UTP) should be four times the cable diameter, and for shielded twisted pair eight times the cable diameter. The minimum bending radius of a 2-core or 4-core horizontal optical cable is greater than 25mm. If the bending radius is smaller than this standard, the relative position of the wires may change, resulting in reduced transmission performance.
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(2) Jumper tension and stress
Do not use excessive force during wiring, as this may increase the stress on the jumpers and connectors, resulting in reduced performance.
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(3) Bundling
Jumpers do not necessarily need to be bundled. If bundled, the manufacturer's bundling principles should be followed. Do not bundle them too tightly, otherwise the twisted pair will be deformed. Do not over-tighten the clips, it is advisable that each jumper can rotate freely. Use specialized products, and consider choosing products that can be used repeatedly without tools, such as Velcro.
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1.4 Testing
(1) Although the jumper wiring is completed, it may not be considered whether the optical fiber link or copper cable link fully conforms to the operating specifications or the international and national standards for integrated wiring, then the optical fiber or copper cable test should be carried out. After meeting the test standard, it can be judged whether the test standard is passed or not.
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1.5 Verification
(1) It's worth taking the time to do a final visual inspection of the connections. Make sure the jumper slack is not kinked or pinched by the cabinet door.
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(2) The last step is to update the record according to the current configuration and close the work order related to the completed change request.
Now the jumper is one of the important components in the integrated wiring system, especially the good management of the jumper in the data center project is particularly prominent. It is believed that as long as the construction management personnel manage and operate the jumper correctly and reasonably, the entire integrated wiring will become a truly advanced, scientific, practical and reliable system.
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The above is the whole content of standardizing the management of integrated cabling optical fiber jumpers. With the large-scale application of 10G/40G/100G networks in data centers, the installation and management of on-site jumpers has become more and more important, and the quality of jumper management is sometimes Affects the overall channel attenuation. Good management ensures that the Fibre Channel data transmission is in the best state. Process operations such as planning, preparation, wiring, testing, and verification are of great significance to ensure system quality.
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Fiber Patch Cord Concept  Fiber patch cords are used to make patch cords from equipment to fiber optic cabling links. There is a thicker protective layer, which is generally used for the connection between the optical transceiver and the terminal box.

Integrated wiring fiber jumper management

(1) Construction process problems
Optical fiber protection is the main protection of ultra-high voltage lines, and the safety and reliability of the channel plays an important role in the safe and stable operation of the power system. Since optical cable transmission needs to go through connection links such as transfer terminal boxes, optical cable machines, cable layers and high-voltage lines, and the construction process of optical fibers is complex and requires high construction quality, if there are errors in construction and testing before the protection device is put into operation, It will lead to the malfunction of the protection device, which will affect the safe and stable operation of the entire network.
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(2) The problem of channel duplication
When the optical fiber protection is used in the power grid of 220kV and above, according to the requirements of the dual principle of the main protection of the line of 220kV and above, the signal channel of the longitudinal protection is also required to be doubled. Since the high-frequency protection is coupled in different phases, it can meet the The requirement of dual channels, if two sets of optical fiber protection are used as the main protection of the line, the problem of dual channel has always limited the large-scale popularization and application of optical fiber protection.
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(3) The division of optical fiber protection management interface
With the increasingly close connection between protection and communication, the management interface of relay protection and communication is increasingly difficult to distinguish. If this problem is not solved systematically, it will directly affect the reliable operation of optical fiber protection.
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For the protection of independent fiber cores, the demarcation point between the communication profession and the management of the relay protection profession is on the optical fiber distribution frame in the communication room. The pigtail above the distribution frame including the protection device belongs to the professional maintenance of relay protection, which requires the relay protection professionals to have certain optical fiber verification and maintenance skills.
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(4) The problem of optical fiber protection on the bypass route
The optical fiber protection of the line is inconvenient to operate when the bypass is used. Since the optical fiber joint cannot be unplugged and inserted, the attenuation test needs to be re-tested every time it is unplugged and inserted, and frequent unplugging and plugging can easily cause damage to the flexible joint, so it should not be used. The method of plugging and unplugging the joint realizes the switching of Fibre Channel.
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There is no separate bypass protection in the power grid. When the bypass replaces the circuit, the AC circuit is switched, so there is no channel switching problem, but there is an independent bypass protection for the power grid. For the optical fiber blocking type and the allowable longitudinal protection, it can be temporarily used. The method of switching the secondary circuit, but the optical fiber differential current protection cannot be replaced. At present, it is solved by adding a set of optical fiber differential protection separately for bypass protection. Some manufacturers have been seeking to solve the problem of optical fiber protection switching, such as using optical switches to achieve fiber channel switching.
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(1) Construction process problems  Optical fiber protection is the main protection of ultra-high voltage lines, and the safety and reliability of the channel plays an important role in the safe and stable operation of the power system. Since optical cable transmission needs to go through connection links such as transfer terminal boxes, optical cable machines, cable layers and high-voltage lines, and the construction process of optical fibers is complex and requires high construction quality, if there are errors in construction and testing before the protection device is put into operation, It will lead to the malfunction of the protection device, which will affect the safe and stable operation of the entire network.

Problems Existing in the Practical Application of Optical Fiber Protection

1. Principles to follow in the construction of IDC data room
The IDC computer room provides us with abundant and reliable professional services and network resources, and is an important business service center. As an important technology in the modern information age, IDC technology plays a vital role in providing professional network services and network resources. Therefore, it is very necessary and important to build a safe, reliable, economical, practical and energy-saving IDC data room.
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Therefore, the construction of IDC data room must follow certain principles. First, the construction of IDC should follow the principle of coordination between short-term construction and long-term development planning to ensure the needs of future IDC business development; Comply with the relevant standards and specifications of the project location.
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2. Key technical points of IDC data room construction
(1) Basic requirements of IDC data room
In recent years, servers with increasingly stronger processing capabilities, storage devices with larger and larger capacities, and network devices with increasingly superior performance do not need to consume more power, and the cost of using electricity has risen sharply. The IDC room generally has a variety of telecommunications equipment that needs to be adapted, and these telecommunications equipment are stable in the environment such as temperature and humidity. The operating temperature range of the IDC room: 20&deg;C to 25&deg;C, and the relative humidity range: 40%～ 55%.
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According to the different functions of the equipment and the different requirements for the computer room environment, the IDC data computer room is mainly composed of the main engine room, the support area and the auxiliary area. Among them, the main engine room is the core of the IDC data room. Its main function is to analyze, process, save, utilize and transmit information. When installing equipment, it must be strictly implemented in accordance with the standards to ensure the installation quality. This phenomenon is common in general IDC computer rooms. The main heat is from the operation of IT equipment. This sensible heat accounts for about 95% of the total heat. from people and infiltration of outdoor air.
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(2) Energy-saving technology of IDC data room
Under the current situation of increasing energy consumption and continuous expansion of IT equipment, energy saving and consumption reduction work is facing great pressure. The power consumption of the IDC room is mainly the power consumption of IT equipment and the energy consumption of the air conditioning and refrigeration system. Among them, the electricity consumption of the refrigeration system accounts for about 48% of the total energy consumption of the IDC room, so the energy conservation of the refrigeration system is very important, and there are two main energy conservation measures for the air conditioner.
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The first is to shorten the duration of air conditioning: including reducing environmental requirements (such as increasing the supply air temperature) or using alternative cooling solutions (such as using natural cooling sources).
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The second is to improve air conditioning efficiency: including more reasonable airflow organization and strengthening air conditioning maintenance management. By adopting the bottom and top return system, the cold air of the air conditioner is directly sent into the cabinet, avoiding the situation of cooling the environment first and then cooling the equipment, which can significantly improve the cooling efficiency of the air conditioner;
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At present, many IDC data rooms adopt a redundant power supply system, which will cause a certain amount of energy consumption and waste. Therefore, it is necessary to reasonably arrange the electrical equipment according to the power consumption of the equipment and user needs, and formulate the best layout plan to reduce the energy consumption of the equipment room. energy consumption, and take corresponding measures to improve energy efficiency;
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The heating equipment and cooling equipment in the IDC room are not in one-to-one correspondence. Inappropriate layout of the equipment room and cooling method of the cabinet will affect the safety of the equipment room, reduce the cooling efficiency of the equipment room, and increase the energy consumption of the entire equipment room. For this reason, in-row air conditioners can be added to perform local cooling in areas with severe heat dissipation to improve the temperature field.
IDC data room
3. Safety management of IDC data room construction
(1) Security protection construction of IDC data room
With the continuous development of Internet technology and communication technology, Internet data centers have emerged and been vigorously constructed.
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IDC data room, IDC data room, as a professional place for information data processing, storage, utilization and network resource utilization, is mainly used for connection through Internet technology and communication technology, IDC uses load balancer, combined with encrypted socket protocol layer ( SSL) acceleration capability and Layer 7 communication management with Internet devices, load balancers control Layer 7 applications/content, enabling prioritization and differentiation of services for all clients or URLs, including secure communications.
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In the initial stage of the construction of the IDC room, the proportion of energy consumption of the power supply system may even be as high as 20%. In order to reduce the energy consumption of the power supply system, it is necessary to reasonably distinguish the electrical equipment in the IDC room according to the level of the equipment and the customer, and formulate a corresponding power supply plan. In addition, it is necessary to carry out scientific and accurate design of the components of the IDC data room to ensure that the expansion of the room, anti-electromagnetic interference, power supply system, air conditioning system, etc. are within the safety design standards, starting from the equipment room to ensure the safety protection of the room.
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(2) Security management of the computer room
For the safety management of the IDC room, when designing the IDC room, it should be closely coordinated with various majors, and the long-term and short-term unified planning and rational design should be carried out. The design of the computer room must provide a good operating monitoring environment for the computer room.
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Strictly follow the national IDC data room safety construction standards, and continuously improve the overall quality of the computer room management personnel, implement a regular inspection system, apply for a registration access system for outsiders, regularly maintain and manage the equipment room, and the door of the computer room and access room. , The main aisle and other parts are installed with cameras for monitoring, and important racks and cabinets can be separately set up for camera monitoring. At the same time, strengthen network security management, regularly conduct anti-virus and update the system, etc., to ensure the security and reliability of the computer room system.
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Fourth, the development direction of IDC room construction
PUE=[total power consumption of data center]/[energy consumption of IT equipment], total power consumption=energy consumption of IT equipment + energy consumption of cooling system + energy consumption of power system + energy consumption of lighting system. At present, the PUE value of the traditional computer room is between 2.4 and 2.8, while the ideal PUE of the traditional computer room should be 1.6. It can be seen that the energy utilization efficiency of most IDC computer rooms is relatively low, and there is a big gap with the ideal state. Therefore, building a green intelligent IDC room (PUE1.6) will be the future development direction.
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1. Principles to follow in the construction of IDC data room  The IDC computer room provides us with abundant and reliable professional services and network resources, and is an important business service center. As an important technology in the modern information age, IDC technology plays a vital role in providing professional network services and network resources. Therefore, it is very necessary and important to build a safe, reliable, economical, practical and energy-saving IDC data room.

Key technical points of IDC data room construction

The optical fiber goes to a small white box in each household to make the Internet speed fly. It is a magical existence, and the transfer station that transmits the optical fiber extension is called the optical fiber distribution box.
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Optical fiber distribution box (ODB for short) is suitable for the wiring connection between optical cable and optical communication equipment. Through the adapter in the distribution box, the optical signal is drawn out with the optical jumper to realize the optical wiring function.
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It is suitable for the protective connection of optical cables and distribution pigtails, and is also suitable for the use of optical fiber termination points in optical fiber access networks. Its connector plug and unplug durability life &gt; 1000 times. The full curvature radius control ensures that the curvature radius of the fiber at any position is greater than 30mm. Each fiber is clearly marked to avoid confusion that may be caused by disassembly during maintenance.
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ZR Cable Optical Fiber Distribution Box
Optical fiber distribution box connector attenuation (insertion, interchange, repetition) &le; 0.3dB; return loss: APC type &ge; 60dB, UPC type &ge; 50dB, PC type &ge; 40dB; high-voltage protective grounding device: insulation resistance: &ge; 1000M&Omega;/500V (DC). Withstand voltage: &ge;3000V (DC)/1min, no breakdown, no arcing; cross-sectional area of ​​grounding wire: &gt;6mm2, there is an obvious grounding mark at the grounding point.
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The fiber optic distribution box is convenient for various connectors to be terminated and flexible to install. There are various specifications such as drawer type and fixed type; the modular optical fiber distribution box is more convenient to terminate and use more flexible; it supports the management of various optical fiber connectors, such as SC, LC, ST, MT-RJ, etc.; in 1U The space can be terminated with up to 48-core LC or MT-RJ (24 dual-port LC or 24 MT-RJ) optical fiber connectors; airtight management; front operation, quick and easy installation; height 1U, built-in two sets of optical fiber coiling rings; concave Concealed or flush mounted installation.
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The optical fiber distribution box has a wide range of functions, including the introduction, fixing and stripping protection of optical cables, fusion and protection of optical fibers, storage of pigtails, storage and management of jumpers, fixed connection and cross-connection of optical fibers, etc.; Value-added module units such as optical splitters, wavelength division multiplexers, etc. can be installed at the customer's request; it can also be used for the termination, use and management of optical cables between wiring rooms and equipment.
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From the speed of turtles to the speed of light, the emergence of optical fibers is a big step forward in the network process, and usually we only sigh at the smooth experience that optical fibers bring us, but turn a blind eye to the small white box in front of the door. Any great things are unknown. Without optical fiber distribution boxes, optical fibers cannot be popularized to every household. To be exact, optical fibers are as important as optical fiber distribution boxes. They are both important symbols of the advent of the Internet era.
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The optical fiber goes to a small white box in each household to make the Internet speed fly. It is a magical existence, and the transfer station that transmits the optical fiber extension is called the optical fiber distribution box.

Introduction to the function and specifications of the optical fiber distribution box

1. FTTH cable
FTTH (FiberToTheHome), as the name suggests, is an optical fiber directly to the home. Specifically, FTTH refers to the installation of optical network units (ONUs) at home users or enterprise users, and is the optical access network application type closest to users in the optical access series except FTTD (fiber to the desktop).
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The advantages of FTTH are mainly 5 points:
First, it is a passive network, from the central office to the user, the middle can basically be passive;
Second, its bandwidth is relatively wide, and the long distance is just in line with the large-scale use of operators;
Third, because it is a business carried on optical fiber, there is no problem;
Fourth, because of its wide bandwidth, the supported protocols are more flexible;
Fifth, with the development of technology, including point-to-point, 1.25G and FTTH methods have developed relatively complete functions.
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2. Indoor optical cable
Indoor optical cables are classified according to the use environment of optical cables, as opposed to outdoor optical cables.
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Indoor optical cable is a cable formed by optical fiber (optical transmission carrier) through a certain process. It is mainly composed of optical fiber (glass filament as thin as hair), plastic protective sleeve and plastic outer skin. There is no metal such as gold, silver, copper and aluminum in the optical cable, and generally has no recycling value.
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Indoor optical cable is a kind of communication line in which a certain number of optical fibers form a cable core according to a certain method, which is covered with a sheath, and some are also covered with an outer sheath to realize optical signal transmission.
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Indoor optical cables have low tensile strength and poor protective layers, but are also lighter and more economical. Indoor optical cables are mainly used for wiring in buildings and connections between network devices.
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3. Outdoor optical cable
Outdoor fiber optic cable, used for outdoor fiber optic cable. The opposite is the indoor optical cable.
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Outdoor optical cable is a communication line that realizes optical signal transmission. The cable core is composed of a certain number of optical fibers according to a certain method, and is covered with a sheath, and some are also covered with an outer sheath.
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Outdoor optical cables are mainly composed of optical fibers (glass filaments as thin as hair), plastic protective sleeves and plastic outer skins. There are no metals such as gold, silver, copper and aluminum in the optical cables, and generally have no recycling value.
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Outdoor optical cables have higher tensile strength, thicker protective layers, and are usually armored (that is, wrapped with metal skins). Outdoor optical cables are mainly used for interconnection between buildings and between remote networks.
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4. Optical fiber jumper
Fiber optic patch cords (also known as fiber optic connectors) are used to make patch cords from equipment to fiber optic cabling links. Optical fiber jumpers have a thicker protective layer and are generally used for the connection between optical transceivers and terminal boxes. Commonly used fiber jumpers include: ST type, LC type, FC type, SC type.
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Main categories:
Single-mode fiber jumper (Single-mode Fiber): Generally, the single-mode fiber jumper is represented by yellow, and the connector and protective sleeve are blue; the transmission distance is longer.
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Multi-mode fiber jumper (Multi-mode Fiber): Generally, the multi-mode fiber jumper is represented by orange, and some are represented by gray, and the connector and protective sleeve are in beige or black; the transmission distance is short.
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Fiber jumper connector explanation:
sc: square fiber connector, FC: round with thread, ST: similar to BNC, LC: separate structure for transceiver, MT-RJ: square, two fibers at one end, integrated transceiver
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pc: direct contact, APC: 8-degree inclined contact surface, UPC: curved contact surface
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5. Fiber coupler
Fiber optic couplers are also called fiber optic adapters, and fiber optic couplers (FiberAdapter) are used for the connection and coupling of fiber optic active connectors. Select the model according to the connector of the fiber optic connector. According to the structure of the connector, it can be divided into: FC, SC, ST, LC, MTRJ, MPO, MU, SMA, DDI, DIN4, D4, E2000 various forms, using good sintering technology to ensure excellent strength and stability (200~600gf Insertion force)
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The scope of application of the coupler: Optical fiber communication network Optical fiber broadband access network Optical fiber CATV Optical fiber instrumentation Optical fiber local area network
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6. Optical fiber terminal box
Optical cable terminal box (also known as optical fiber terminal box or optical fiber box) is a connection device between small-core optical cables and terminals.
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7. Optical fiber fusion splicer
When two optical cables are connected, the optical fibers in the optical cables should be butted together, because the optical fibers are like glass filaments, and the two ends must be re-melted with special connectors, and then the connectors are clamped together so that the optical signal can pass.
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When light is transmitted in an optical fiber, a loss will occur, and this loss is mainly composed of the transmission loss of the optical fiber itself and the splice loss at the optical fiber joint. Once the optical cable is ordered, the transmission loss of the optical fiber itself is basically determined, and the splice loss at the optical fiber joint is related to the optical fiber itself and on-site construction. Efforts to reduce the splice loss at the optical fiber joint can increase the optical fiber relay amplification transmission distance and improve the attenuation margin of the optical fiber link.
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8. Optical fiber transceiver
Optical fiber transceiver is an Ethernet transmission media conversion unit that interchanges short-distance twisted-pair electrical signals and long-distance optical signals, and is also called a fiber converter in many places. The product is generally used in the actual network environment where the Ethernet cable cannot cover and must use optical fiber to extend the transmission distance, and is usually located in the access layer application of the broadband metropolitan area network; at the same time, it helps to connect the last mile of optical fiber to the metropolitan area. It also plays a huge role on the Internet and beyond.
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9. Optical transceiver
Optical transceiver is an optical fiber communication device that prolongs data transmission. It mainly uses the characteristics of optical transmission to achieve the purpose of long-distance transmission through signal modulation, photoelectric conversion and other technologies. Optical transceivers are generally used in pairs and are divided into optical transmitters and optical receivers. The optical transmitter completes electrical/optical conversion and transmits the optical signal for optical fiber transmission; the optical receiver mainly restores the optical signal received from the optical fiber to Electrical signal, complete the light/electrical conversion. The function of the optical transceiver is to transmit data remotely.
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There are many types of optical transceivers, such as telephone optical transceivers, network optical transceivers, etc., and video optical transceivers are commonly used (especially widely used in the security industry).
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Optical transceivers are terminal equipment for optical signal transmission. Its essence is: photoelectric conversion transmission equipment; placed at both ends of the optical cable; one receive and one transmit, as the name suggests, the optical transceiver. Therefore, optical transceivers are used in pairs. Generally, when buying optical transceivers, it is said to buy several pairs, not several.
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1. FTTH cable  FTTH (FiberToTheHome), as the name suggests, is an optical fiber directly to the home. Specifically, FTTH refers to the installation of optical network units (ONUs) at home users or enterprise users, and is the optical access network application type closest to users in the optical access series except FTTD (fiber to the desktop).

Basic knowledge of fiber optic cables and their devices

How should fiber jumpers be managed and maintained? Here ZR Cable has 6 ways to improve the flexibility and reliability of fiber patch cord management.
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ZR Cable Fiber Patch Cord
1. Pay attention to the bending radius of the fiber jumper. Generally speaking, the bending radius of fiber jumpers with diameters of 1.6mm and 3.0mm cannot be less than 3.5cm, and the bending radius that MPO fiber jumpers can withstand cannot be less than 10 times its diameter.
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2. Do not pull or squeeze the fiber jumper. When installing a fiber optic patch cord, excessive force may put stress on the fiber optic patch cord and the connectors at both ends, affecting its performance. It is worth noting that if you need to use a lot of force to pull a fiber optic patch cord, then there may be some problems in the middle.
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3. Route the jumper according to the path of the fiber jumper. If the existing jumper length is suitable for the current application, the jumper can be reused, however, you still need to remove the jumper from the fiber distribution frame and reinstall the jumper according to the new path Wire. This is the only way to ensure that the jumper is not knotted, bent, or stretched. In order to route patch cords efficiently, a suitable path for the patch cord should be found between the two ports, while avoiding crowding and entanglement of the patch cords.
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4. Manage the patch cords in bundles or ties to keep the panel looking neat, however, bundling or tying the patch cords too tightly will increase the risk of over-extrusion. To avoid this problem, you can "unbind" the fiber jumper appropriately so that the fiber jumper can move freely.
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5. Labeling is a necessary job and one of the most important jobs for network system administrators. Proper labelling at any management point in the network cabling infrastructure, including patch panels, is essential so that network technicians can pinpoint the origin and destination of fiber optic cables.
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6.Check whether the fiber jumper has physical damage, including indentation and connector damage caused by sudden bending of the sheath. ZR Cable can provide the above related management tools and complete solutions.
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How should fiber jumpers be managed and maintained? Here ZR Cable has 6 ways to improve the flexibility and reliability of fiber patch cord management.

How to manage and maintain fiber optic patch cords

There are many types of fiber jumpers, FC, LC, SC and ST types, what are their corresponding characteristics? Take ZR Cable fiber as an example to briefly talk about it!
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ZR Cable Fiber Patch Cord
1. FC type optical fiber jumper: the external strengthening method is a metal sleeve, and the fastening method is a turnbuckle. Generally used on the ODF side (the most used on the patch panel). The FC connector is generally used in telecommunication networks. There is a nut screwed onto the adapter. The advantage is that it is reliable and dust-proof. The disadvantage is that the installation time is slightly longer.
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2. SC-type optical fiber jumper: the connector for connecting the GBIC optical module, its shell is rectangular, and the fastening method is the plug-and-pull type, which does not need to be rotated. (Most used on router switches). The SC connector is often used in general networks. The SC connector is directly plugged and unplugged, which is very convenient to use. The disadvantage is that it is easy to fall out.
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3. ST-type optical fiber jumper: commonly used in optical fiber distribution frame, the outer shell is round, and the fastening method is turnbuckle. (For 10Base-F connections, the connector is usually ST type. Often used in fiber optic distribution frames). ST connector headers are commonly used in general networking. After the ST head is inserted, there is a bayonet to fix it in half a circle, but the disadvantage is that it is easy to break.
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4. LC-type fiber jumper: a connector for connecting SFP modules, it is made with a modular jack (RJ) latch mechanism that is easy to operate. (commonly used by routers)
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5.MT-RJ type fiber jumper: a square fiber optic connector with integrated transceiver, one dual fiber transceiver is integrated. The MTRJ type fiber patch cord consists of two high precision plastic molded connectors and fiber optic cables. The outer parts of the connector are precision plastic parts, including a push-pull plug-in clamping mechanism. Suitable for indoor applications in telecommunication and data network systems.
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There are many types of fiber jumpers, FC, LC, SC and ST types, what are their corresponding characteristics? Take ZR Cable fiber as an example to briefly talk about it!

How to calculate the outer diameter of fiber optic cable?

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